Who Was the Ruler Known as King Porus of Paurava

King Porus of Paurava was an important ruler in the Indian subcontinent during the 4th century BCE. Porus fiercely battled Alexander the Great, and not only survived that battle, but made an honorable peace with him and gained an even larger rule in Punjab in what is today Pakistan. Curiously, his story is written in numerous Greek sources (Plutarch, Arrian, Diodorus, and Ptolemy, among others) but barely mentioned in Indian sources, a fact which leads some historians to wonder about the peaceful ending. Who Was Porus? Porus, also spelled Poros and Puru in Sanskrit, was one of the last members of the dynasty of Puru, a clan known both in India and Iran and said to have originated from Central Asia. The clan families were members of the Parvatiya (mountaineers) mentioned by Greek writers. Porus ruled over the land between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and the Acesines rivers in the Punjab region and he first appears in Greek sources in connection with Alexander. The Persian Achaemenid ruler Darius III asked Poros for help defending himself against Alexander after his third disastrous loss at Gaugamela and Arbela in 330 BCE. Instead, Dariuss men, sick of losing so many battles, killed him and joined Alexanders forces. Battle of the Hydaspes River Detail of Mosaic Alexander the Great at the Battle of Issus, Pompeii. Getty Images / Leemage/Corbis In June 326 BCE, Alexander decided to leave Bactria and cross the Jhelum River into Poruss realm. Several of Poruss rivals joined Alexander in his imperial move into the continent; but Alexander was held up at riversedge because it was the rainy season and the river was swollen and turbulent. It didnt stop him for long. Word reached Porus that Alexander had found a place to cross; he sent his son to investigate, but the son and his 2,000 men and 120 chariots were destroyed. Porus went to meet Alexander himself, bringing 50,000 men, 3,000 calvaries, 1,000 chariots, and 130 war elephants against Alexanders 31,000 (but the numbers vary widely from source to source). Monsoons proved more of an obstacle to the Indian bowmen (who could not use the muddy ground to gain purchase for their longbows) than to the Macedonians who crossed the swollen Hydaspes on pontoons. Alexanders troops gained the upper hand; even the Indian elephants were said to have stampeded their own troops. Aftermath Chandraguptas footprints. Romana Klee/Flickr According to the Greek reports, the wounded but unbowed King Porus surrendered to Alexander, who made him a satrap (basically a Greek regent) with control over his own kingdom. Alexander continued to advance into India, gaining regions controlled by 15 of Poruss rivals and 5,000 sizable cities and villages. He also founded two cities of Greek soldiers: Nikaia and Boukephala, the last named after his horse Bucephalus, who had died in the battle. Poruss troops helped Alexander crush the Kathaioi, and Porus was given control over much of the area to the east of his old kingdom. Alexanders advance stopped at the kingdom of Magadha, and he left the subcontinent, leaving Porus as the head of the satrapy in Punjab as far east as the Beas and Sutlej rivers. It didnt last long. Porus and his rival Chandragupta led a revolt against the remnants of Greek rule, and Porus himself was assassinated between 321 and 315 BCE. Chandragupta would go on to establish the Great Mauryan Empire. Ancient Writers Ancient writers about Porus and Alexander the Great at the Hydaspes, who were, unfortunately, not contemporaries of Alexander, are: Arrian (probably best, based on the eyewitness account of Ptolemy), Plutarch, Q. Curtius Rufus, Diodorus, and Marcus Junianus Justinus (Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus). Indian scholars such as Buddha Prakash have wondered if the story of Poruss loss and surrender might have been a more equal decision than the Greek sources would have us beliieve. During the battle against Porus, Alexanders men encountered poison on the tusks of the elephants. Military History of Ancient India says the tusks were tipped with poison-coated swords, and Adrienne Mayor identifies the poison as Russells viper venom, as she writes in The Uses of Snake Venom in Antiquity. Porus himself was said to have been killed by physical contact with a poisoned girl. Sources De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond. On the Indian Embassy to Augustus. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 17 (1860): 309-21. Print.Garzilli, Enrica. First Greek and Latin Documents on Sahagamana and Some Connected Problems (Part 1). Indo-Iranian Journal 40.3 (1997): 205-43. Print.Prakash, Buddha. Poros. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 32.1/4 (1951): 198-233. Print.Warraich, Tauqeer Ahmad. First Europeans in Ancient Pakistan and Their Impact on Its Society. Pakistan Vision 15.191-219 (2014). Print.

Human And Non Human Animals - 1791 Words

With several scientifically verifiable differences between human and non-human animals, there are major similarities in terms of biological make ups, livelihood requirements, and life cycles. Major differences are cited on the grounds of brain functionality and response to various environmental stimuli. Basing the whole argument on the differences in the mental capabilities of both human and non-human animals, the latter is viewed as less being that is vulnerable and that requires support, protection and general care. In regard to this, therefore, there have been major discriminations against the non-human animals whereby human has exploited other non-human animals in their day to day life. All the acts of unjustified differentials in moral considerations mainly trace their roots on the observed differences in mental capacities between these species. This paper presents how morality can sustain an opposition between human and non-human animals. The position of the animals’ wel fare that presents the prevailing viewpoint for looking into human’s moral as well as legal mandate to the non-human animals, holds to the fact that the life of animals is less valued compared to human’s life. Therefore, animals can be used as human’s resources and wealth as long as they are treated ‘humanely’ without inflicting unnecessary pain and suffering. This position presents animals as being self-unaware, thus living in eternal present caring less about continuing their lives as generallyShow MoreRelatedTreatment of Non-Human Animals2104 Words   |  9 Pagesaccord moral consideration to sentient beings equally, in this case non-human animals. I will illustrate under Utilitarian criteria, that non-human animals are indeed sentient and that it is enough to count for moral standing. I will defend my argument in examples of practices commonly used in treating animals a resource, such as for food and in laboratory experiments. 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The interactions that occur between people and non-human animals, particularly in th e Appalachian region, has led to profound changes both on the local community. The most significant interaction to take place and has influenced the area drastically is domestication. Four types of domestication at the forefront of Appalachian culture are livestock, blood-sports, pet keeping, and animal’s prevalence inRead MoreAccepting Non Human Animals As Our Moral Equals Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages2367 Accepting Non-Human Animals as Our Moral Equals In her essay Speaking of Animal Rights, Warren (1987) argues for the weak animal rights position, which holds that non-human animals have weaker rights than human beings because non-human animals do not have the same moral status as us human beings (383-4). This is due to their lack of the ability to â€Å"reason well enough to function as autonomous moral agents† (385), which she believes is a requirement for being moral of human beings (384-5). 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The 20th century English philosopher, Martin Hollis, once said, â€Å"Free will – the ability to make decisions about how to act – is what distinguishes people from non-human animals and machines 1†. He went to describe human beings as â€Å"self conscious, rational, creativeRead MoreAnimal Abuse Is The Act Of Cruelty And Infliction Of Pain On Non Human Animals1120 Words   |  5 Pages1 Jonathan Corbin Ms. Powell English 1020 5 Nov, 2015 Animal Abuse Animal abuse is the act of cruelty and infliction of pain on non-human animals. Dogs are the most common victims of the abuse. How do you feel about people abusing poor, innocent animals? I strongly believe there should be a greater punishment for the crimes committed.The controversy has grown greatly in the last few years with the increase of most abuse cases. Animal rights activists are working hard to bring success intoRead MoreDo Humans Have Moral Obligations On Human Animals? 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Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. 2. The better consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act.   These two principles play a part in non-human animal inequality because it emphasizesRead MoreAnimal Testing is Wrong! Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesthis is how animals everyday are treated, we have to stop this now! Millions of animals are killed in laboratories everyday with no chance to object to what the testers are about to do to them. Animals feel as much pain as humans do so why does it make it okay to test on them when they are so alike to humans? Every day people test makeup, shampoos, and medicines on animals, the strange thing is that animals have different skin, hair, and internal organs than humans have. Since the animals have different

Communication Issues in the Workplace Free Essays

Running head: THE IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE The Importance of Effective Communication in the Workplace Christina Springer University of Phoenix The Importance of Effective Communication in the Workplace Introduction Anyone in a work environment having an understanding of what good effective Intercultural communication in the workplace entails will enhance every person’s ability to experience a successful and professional work experience. People can be exposed to misunderstandings in the workplace due to conflict of interests. These conflicts of interests can be rooted from a variety of cultural differences among distinctive ethnic backgrounds other than our own, and international individuals who are in our country solely for education or temporary work. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Issues in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lack of proper understanding or skills of diversity in the workplace can cause many discrepancies among coworkers. People live in an increasingly complex world. One element of this complexity is the mixing of different cultures, languages and faiths. Within the business world intercultural communication is vital for success. Effective communication between colleagues from different cultural backgrounds ensures a team is working harmoniously. (The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, Â ¶ 1) Situation There was a Caucasian tall skinny man with glasses who worked as a Deejay in West Virginia while attending West Virginia University. He was part German with somewhat of an accent. He had previous experience with all genres of music. His plan was to finish school and return to Germany to pursue his dream of being an internationally known Deejay. He was invited to a national hip hop celebration to perform as an artist and as a Deejay. The coordinator informed the African American Deejay’s that there would be a Caucasian Deejay coming to assist with them at the job. When he arrived to the celebration, there was a huge table of all African American Deejay’s setting up their equipment. He was told by the coordinator to set up as soon as he arrived there. So he walked up to the table of Deejay’s and they started laughing at him. They made fun of him and ridiculed him thinking it was a joke that he came to Deejay. They made fun of his appearance and did not take him serious. He went to the coordinator and told the coordinator the situation. The coordinator came over to the table of Deejay’s and explained that he was one of the Deejay’s to be performing and to clear a space for his equipment as they would not do before. Without hesitation they apologized and cleared a space for the German Deejay to set up his equipment. Diagnosis Conflict is a clash of values that is a common occurrence in the workplace. (Teo, 2006, December 13, Â ¶ 1) In this particular situation the Deejay’s at the national celebration being all African American may have misjudged the German Deejay for his appearance and accent. They may have underestimated his ability to Deejay effectively based off of his appearance of different culture and his accent. Because this was a hip hop celebration they seemed to have assumed that he was incapable of livening up the crowd. This common situation of conflict needs to be addressed more in any workplace. More often executives are expected to work internationally, hence business and social contacts between people of various nationalities increased. As these people come from disparate cultural backgrounds, geographical barriers gave way to communication barriers that lead to tensions and conflicts. Teo, Â ¶ 2) The important for leaders of any organization properly to train its employees of cultural differences and how to handle situations that may arise is increasingly important. The coordinator may have not properly informed the German Deejay of what he would be exposed to during this particular job. As a result it was somewhat of a culture shock for the German Deejay . This was a culture shock for the German Deejay especially not knowing what to think or expect. If the coordinator would have notified the African American Deejay’s of the complete extent of the German/Caucasian man’s nationality or description it would have made it easier for everyone involved at the job. The African American Deejay’s were use to working with other African American Deejay’s experienced in hip hop only. The German Deejay felt like an outcast when the African American Deejay’s made fun of him and nonverbally displayed he was unwelcomed by not clearing a space for his equipment due to their poor lack of judgment. Solutions Any person being of a different ethnicity in a completely different country can expect to experience a conflict of interest at any workplace unfortunately. A decision to be made upon the leaders of the organization to enhance its entire employee’s of the importance of diversity skills and how it can lead to success. If the coordinator would have informed the African American Deejay’s of the nationality, talent, skills, and capabilities of the German Deejay then perhaps the African American Deejay’s would have been more welcoming to the German Deejay. The German Deejay could have gone to the human resources department of the organization and he or she could offer help for this situation. Any coordinator of any national event should always inform its employees of any possibility of conflicts of interests or lack of understanding of misjudgments that may occur and how to handle a situation like that. In order to come to appreciate and understand people from different cultures, empathy is vital. Through putting yourself in someone else’s shoes he or she will come to see or appreciate their point of view. The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, Â ¶ 5) Everyone makes or has assumptions about others. Assumptions are beliefs rather than objective truth and are usually influenced by a number of subjective factors. (The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication, Â ¶ 3) Any employee of any workplace must take interest to understand the differences between cultural norms, beliefs, and values within each culture and that they ar e all distinctive. People should always respect other cultures in order to create a civil and fair work environment. Conclusion Diversity skills are very important to have in any work environment. Without efficient knowledge or understanding of other cultures and the capabilities of behavior from one culture to the next, conflicts of interest may arise. If employees and leaders can work together to access and prevent any bad situation from happening it would be beneficial to the organization as well as the employee’s. Regardless of the ethnic background of a person, monitoring our own behavior can always be a way of building opportunities and the ability to enhance strengths of comprehending the importance of eing equipped with proper knowledge on the expansion of diversity among worker’s anywhere. References Teo, A. (2006, December 13). Intercultural Conflict in the Workplace: Every Organization’s Nightmare. Ezine Articles. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? Intercultural-Conflict-in-the-Workplace:-every-Organizations-Nightmare=385503 The Six Steps to Intercultural Communication. (). Kwintessential. Retrieved from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cultural-services/articles/intercultural-communication. html How to cite Communication Issues in the Workplace, Papers

Christmas Wish List Essay Example For Students

Christmas Wish List Essay CHRISTMAS WISH LIST 1.) Ridding boots 2.) 25$ iTunes gift card (stocking stuffer 3.) WI-FI HOOKED UP!!!!!!!!!!! 0 5 Seconds Of Summer California 0 ? If you dont swim, youll drown ? Brianna|16|California. Derping since 2011 ? First ever American blog dedicated to the wonderful Luke Hemmings, Michael Clifford, Calum Hood, and Ashton Irwin of 5 SECONDS OF SUMMER ? Share on twitter Twitter Share on instagram Instagram Calum Hood Facts D.O.B: January 25, 1996 Birth Name: Calum Thomas Hood Star Sign: Aquarius Age: 18 Education: Year 11 and attended Norwest Christian College Relationship Status: Single Shoe Size: 9 Parents: Joy (not sure dad) Siblings: Mali Koa Hood Celebrity Crush: Katy Perry Fun Facts: Calum is NOT Asian. Hes Kiwi and Scottish. Calum supports Liverpool in soccer. He would turn gay for Kellin Quinn. Calums favourite food is pizza. Calums sister is Mali Koa Hood and she competed on The Voice. The band says that Calum is the most feminine because he has no leg hair. Calum prefers brown hair on a girl. Do you like happy meals? Calum: YES. WITH EXTRA HAPPY. Calum went to Brazil last year because he got picked to represent Australia in soccer. He gave it up to pursue his music career. He thinks many people are confused that hes the only non-blonde, non-white person in 5SOS. If Calum was a girl, he would date Michael, Ashton would date himself, and Michael would be lesbian because he loves girls too much. Calums the best at PDH. One of Calums many celebrity crushes is Delta Goodrem. According to Ashton, Calum has the best ass in the band. Calum doesnt like salt vinegar chips. On the Hot 30 twit cam, Calum said his favourite singer is Guy Sebastion. What made you introduce Ashton into the band? Calum: Uuggh well I was on eharmony this one time and we met. The boys say Calum has the best body in the band. Calum said the youngest he would date is 14. Calums favorite ice cream flavor is mint chocolate. He loves Katy Perry. Calum writes the most 5SOS songs out of the boys. He had a big crush on Alicia Keys when he was younger, and he says its been resparked. Calum tried a Peach Milkshake in London but didnt like it. He has a dinosaur tooth brush Adam Wilkinson got him. Calums mom originated from Auckland. If Calum had to be stuck in an elevator with anyone, he would want it to be Katy Perry. Whenever Calum is shirt less Luke always happens to be pant less. Calum only likes cheddar cheese. He loves tea. Calum had his first kiss at the age of 13. Cal dropped out of high school. Cals favorite color is baby blue. Calums ex girlfriends name was Maddie Harris. Calums relationship with Maddie lasted for about 2 to 3 months. His mom is from New Zealand and his dads nationality is Scottish. Calum was a nerd and still is. If Calum were a girl, hed date Michael, Ashton would date himself, and Michael would be lesbian because he likes girls too much. Calums mum picks out his cologne but he denied it saying I picked it out, Im a manly man! It smells like cowboy musk. Calum claims that they found Ashton on eHarmony. Calum didnt even know what ask.fm was until the 5th of June. When Calum was younger, he used to run around and take a bite out of apples, then put them around the house. At Melbourne airport, Calum struggled to push the luggage trolly and the whole thing ended up on the ground. .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .postImageUrl , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:hover , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:visited , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:active { border:0!important; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:active , .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986 .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb3ad775b05b9da41d2783b84e83c986:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In order to be a true tragedy EssayBack in 2012, Calums celebrity crush was Kierra Folsom and Jessica Alba. Calum hates crossing at Zebra crossings. He claims he is a dog lover. His favorite color is blue. Calum says the hate never gets to him. Calums favorite childhood movie is Monsters Inc. Calum likes pancakes more then waffles. Just because Calum doesnt like it when people call him Asian does not mean he has anything against Asians. He loves everyone. Calums old Instagram name use to be Calzabrah. In 2012, Calum had soccer training Monday, Wednesday and Fridays. Calums favorite pizza topping is ham and pineapples. If Calum woke up and was a girl, and had to date a guy, it would be Channing Tatum. Calum would rather be a goat then a sloth for a day. Calums favorite Mcfly song is One for the Radio. Calum has never eaten a waffle. Calums favorite Busted song is Britney. His favorite fruit is apples. Calums singer role model, when he was younger, was Chris Brown. ALL FACTS ARE BROUGHT TO YOU BY 5SOS FACTS ON TWITTER:) GO FOLLOW HER TO CATCH UP WITH ALL THINGS 5SOS:) Signs Yellow: Yellow stands for caution. A yellow traffic sign serves as a general warning. Black and White: Black and white traffic signs provide posted regulations (i.e., speed limits). Orange: Orange signals construction time! If you see an orange traffic sign, you will likely encounter construction or road maintenance ahead. Brown: Brown traffic signs reference local recreation areas or scenic points of interest. Blue: Blue stands for guidance. Blue traffic signs often offer information to assist motorists.Your arms are my castle, your heart is my sky. They wipe away tears that I cry. The good and the bad times, weve been through them all. You make me rise when I fall. Cause everytime we touch, I get this feeling. And everytime we kiss I swear I could fly. Cant you feel my heart beat fast, I want this to last. Need you by my side. Cause everytime we touch, I feel this static. And everytime we kiss, I reach for the sky. Cant you hear my heart beat so. I cant let you go. Want you in my life. Cause everytime we touch, I get this feeling. And everytime we kiss I swear I could fly. Cant you feel my heart beat fast, I want this to last. Need you by my side.EAT SOMETHING HEALTHY Exercise routine Step 1: condition 20 push ups 30 sec superman 10 tricep dips 10 front side crunches on each leg 1min plank 10 one leg push-ups on each leg 30 leg lefts on each leg 10 tricep dips 30 sec super man 20 push ups Step 3: ten min ab work out (40sec each) Flutter kicks Reaching opposite crunch Pilates side hip raises (both sides) Russian twist Pilates leg pulls (facing down) Pilates leg pulls (facing up) Step 3: stretch legs ; ankles Step 4: run for 10 min Step 5: cool down Step 6: stretch back ; splits Stretch back for 3 min Stretch splits for 3min each Meaning Full Name: Zayn Jawaad Malik Zayn MEANING: Beauty; Grace GENDER: Masculine USAGE: Arabic OTHER SCRIPTS: (Arabic) Jawaad MEANING: Generous ORIGIN: Swahili Malik MEANING: King